2 short answer compilation of modern Chinese history

 30. Hundred Days reform movement of the nature and significance of how?
A: The nature of the Hundred Days Reform Movement:
First Hundred Days Reform Movement was a patriotic movement for national salvation.
Second, the Hundred Days Reform movement is an asset top-down reform movement class.
Third, the Hundred Days Reform Movement is the first time in modern Chinese history ideological liberation movement.
Hundred Days reform movement failed, but its historical achievements should not be denied. It The historical significance:
First, it is a serious national crisis in China, time, wake up people, political reforms to get rid of imperialism, slavery, imperialism resistance played a role in aggression.
Second, the Reform Movement Reform Movement in the development of capitalism in China has played a catalytic role.
Third, it spread western learning, promote social values change, the bourgeois ideology, culture, get rid of the old feudal ideas, old culture, from the emancipation of the mind to promote the progress of change in the role of social thought; also for the later bourgeois revolution in thought and action were prepared.
31. Kang's idea of political reform what?
A: In the Hundred Days Reform ago, Kang A total of 7 times a letter. . In this last book, bourgeois reformers Kang made all the requirements of political reform, that is, the policy agenda of the Hundred Days Reform.
Kang's letter several times, the system put forward the idea of his political reform and political program. He The idea is comprehensive political reform, political, economic, military, culture, education and other aspects. He proposed the establishment of constitutional monarchy capitalist society, and change the ranks of world capitalism, the grand goal, and developed a political program for the Reform Movement.
Hundred Days Reform Movement's political program has a requirement to open from the Congress, the House set to open System Board, from the Xing civil rights, to re-monarchical monarchical power suppression process of change. Kang in the sixth book, not to mention opening the Congress, the House's political program based, whereas the open system Board. System Board with some of the bourgeois nature and role of the House. is the emperor's advisory body. Why reversed it? There are two main reasons: First, the yield to the pressure of the diehards. Second, the reformers in the hopes of political reform upon the emperor.
32. Boxer outbreak of anti-imperialist movement What is the reason?
A: The Boxer rising anti-imperialist movement is no accident in Shandong, mainly the following reasons: (1) Sino, the imperialist frenzy set off to carve up China, Shandong bear the brunt.
(2) foreign missionaries and missionary who is extremely aggressive activities in Shandong wild Jue.
(3) the dumping of foreign goods in Shandong China, the destruction of natural economy in rural areas, directly affecting the production and living of farmers.
(4) 1898 year and 1899 , even the case of natural disasters in Shandong Province, the people in dying.
(5) there is a long time people in rural Shandong, secret societies, such as the Boxer, etc., for the Boxer Rebellion of aggression provides a ready-made form of organization.
33. How to recognize the Boxer, ; the real struggle is directed against the imperialist aggressors, expressing the Chinese people against imperialism, the urgent desire to save the nation from peril; but it was foreigners, Chinese Christians and foreign countries, stick with the same people who absolutely rejected, but also has general xenophobic backwardness. Boxers slogans against the Qing government was not subjective, but with the Qing government to work together, united.
great appeal, initially to attract a wide range of people participated in anti-imperialist struggle, but also a corresponding reduction in the Boxer ruling class from the pressure of the Qing Dynasty, some of them who fought for the sympathy and support to development and expansion of the anti-imperialist team. At this time, the Qing dynasty of great confusion within the group, so that the rapid expansion of cracks within the ruling class. But the slogan also shows the lack of the Boxer of the Qing ruling class understanding of the nature, and thus in the struggle to relax their vigilance, which came to be deceived by the feudal rulers, and finally betrayed by them.
34. Qing rulers of what Boxer has taken the policy?
A: Since the rise of the Boxer Rebellion, the Qing Dynasty in feudal rule within the group the issue of how to deal with the Boxer There are two different propositions. Westernization, such as Li and his ilk advocate harsh repression of the Boxers. The other faction is advocating pacify the Boxers, and Boxer's efforts to counter the use of foreign invaders.
when the Qing Dynasty Empress Dowager top decision-makers tend to move Fu Boxer, but fear of offending imperialism, then decided to dissolve the Boxer way to prevent the armed invasion of foreign powers. After the forced situation, and recognize its legitimacy. Empress Dowager used the Boxers want to punish foreigners to PETTY. intervention because of her dethronement foreigners.
35. should be how to assess the Boxer Rebellion?
A: (1) Boxer movement shown great strength of the Chinese people, Chinese people have lofty spirit of patriotism and dare the enemy bloody battle in the end of the heroic spirit.
(2) direct the Boxer movement to stop the imperialist plot to carve up China.
(3) Boxer movement disrupted the feudal order, and to accelerate the collapse of the Qing Dynasty. After the failure of the Boxer Rebellion separated by only 11 years, was a revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty. Boxer lessons of failure:
(1) it does not form the core of a unified organization and leadership, organizational dispersion of very prominent.
(2) It also failed to provide the correct program, slogans and strategies.
(3) the performance of anti-imperialist struggle for the general xenophobia.
(4) their reactionary nature of the feudal ruling class, lack of awareness, and thus by the Qing government use, sell.
(5) in the semi-feudal China, farmers Although the main force against imperialism and feudalism, but without the leadership of the proletariat, the peasants own strength alone is not possible to complete the anti-imperialist revolutionary tasks.
36. :
(1) the Qing government claims silver 450 million to the two countries. Since then, China's tariffs and Salt have been imperialist control.
(2) demolition of Taku forts, and from Beijing to Taku forts along the . In this way, the imperialist powers at any time of the Qing government to military control.
(3) set up in the vicinity of Beijing Dong Jiao Min Xiang, Marxism in China, the headquarters of aggression.
(4) punishment and imperialism in the Boxer Rebellion against the officials in the.
(5) will be changed to Ministry of Foreign Affairs Yamen, .
(6) the Qing government sent Minister to Germany and Japan to apologize.
brought grave disaster. From then on, the Qing Government has become a tool for imperialist rule in China. Qing rulers imperialist aggression and oppression in general is to seek a compromise, but for a long period of time, they organized several foreign war; across the country struggle against foreign religions, has been through the Qing officials, the local squire's sympathy or support. until the failure of the Boxer Rebellion, plans. China is only a form of independent state also retained the name, in fact, the imperialist powers has become the common ground of semi-colonial domination. Therefore, the br> 37. Review of Sun's old Three People's Principles.
A: Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles is the old nationalism, democracy and livelihood of the three major doctrine. the old Three People's Principles at the time was a more complete program of the bourgeois democratic revolution . It suggested that the democratic revolution in modern times a great step forward. nationalism, including the refers to the The program completely against imperialism and feudalism. it reflects the revolutionary national bourgeoisie in China and compromise. Despite the existence of the old Three People's Principles limitations of age and class, but it was still revolutionary progress. it is more comprehensive reflects the main contradiction in semi-feudal society, and tried to use revolutionary means to resolve these conflicts. which makes it relatively complete modern history of China's first program of the bourgeois democratic revolution, and revolutionaries become the League's battle flag. It to guide the revolutionary war faction and the loyalists of the debate, mobilize the masses to up against the feudal monarchy, the struggle to establish a bourgeois democratic republic, to promote the outbreak of Revolution and achieved some victories, have played a great inspiration and guidance. < br> 38. Overview of Chinese Alliance for the establishment of its historical significance.
A: The further development of the revolution, we need a unified leadership of the national democratic revolution, the revolutionary organization. the revolutionary small groups scattered, out of step, easy-to by the Qing government the fact that each break, many revolutionaries began to realize the need to establish a unified revolutionary organization.
1905 年 7 months, Sun Yat-sen once again returned to Japan to Europe. He was immediately met with the exiled revolutionary groups in Japan, dignitaries, that must be unified revolutionary organization and leadership, recommended that the revolutionary organizations together, form a new unified group. The unified organization's name is , the creation of the Republic of China, the average land ownership and program, that it is a national bourgeois revolutionary party. It was set up with a great historical significance. (1) It is not only clearly erected the banner of the democratic revolution, the national democratic revolution, a leading center of movement. ( 2) solidarity and development of the revolutionary forces. (3) Revolution made it the most important organizational preparation.
39. loyalist of the revolutionary political thought and great debate.
A: In order to eliminate democracy revolutionary ideological obstacles, Chinese Alliance was established immediately after the active organization and leadership of the royalist political thought and the great debate. The controversy in 1905-1907 between the climax. revolutionaries to 3) Do not change the feudal land ownership to the three issues of.
First, regarding whether or not to use force to overthrow the Qing dynasty debate. The two sides focused on whether or not, can not and dare to three aspects of the revolution controversy. by Kang, Liang Qichao royalists, led the revolution that is not necessary, as long as the line of constitutional monarchy of the Qing Dynasty on the line; such as the revolution will be bloody, incurring the risk of major destruction and subjugation; revolution in the imperialist divide and cause interference and cause internal strife.
revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen to a large number of facts to expose the Manchu royal family for their own benefit, the implementation of national oppression and discrimination against internal policies, external implementation of Ning with outsiders, not with slaves of traitorous policy, has the majority of the people desperate, and therefore can not be non-revolutionary, not to overthrow the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty is not. Also, they pointed out that as long as the orderly conduct of the revolution, the imperialists to divide and will not cause interference, and therefore dare to revolution.
Secondly, on whether or not to establish a bourgeois democratic republic of the debate.
Third, the feudal land ownership should not change the debate.
in this big polemic,
(1) Although the revolutionary exposed serious weaknesses in many of its own, but their revolutionary fervor to the high publicity of the use of revolutionary violence to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Democratic Republic of bourgeois ideas, exposed the ugly face of royalists against the revolution, expanding the democratic spread of revolutionary ideas and impact. (2) Revolutionary in this debate has made a significant victory, royalist influence in people's rapidly diminishing. (3) Through this revolutionary debate, public opinion for the Revolution made the necessary preparations and mental preparation.
40.1911 years 5 months ago, the Sun Yat-sen as the representative of the revolutionary bourgeoisie which led the armed uprising in the main?
A: December 1906, the League of active members and some Under League the outbreak of the Pingxiang, Liuyang, Liling area will be the party uprising, called Ping, Liu, sweet wine uprising.
1907 年 to 1911, Sun Yat-sen, who assisted in the Huang Hsing, in South China, Southwest launched eight armed uprising. ie: May 1907 uprising in East China Guangdong Chaozhou, June Lake, Huizhou and seven women uprising, in September of the Qin Lian Fangcheng uprising, 12 months of Guangxi Zhennan Guan uprising; March 1908 uprising Qinzhou Ma Du Shan , April uprising in Yunnan estuary; February 1910 New Army uprising in Guangzhou; April 27, 1911 Huanghuagang Uprising in Guangzhou. This eight uprising, especially the greatest impact Huanghuagang Uprising.
41. Hubei Revolution What partisan done careful planning before the battle?
Answer: (a) establish a more rigorous revolutionary organization
(b) mobilize the Party and the New Army will participate in the revolution
(c) strong advocacy to the community revolutionary ideas
(d) the unity of revolutionary groups timely joint working
(e) to establish well-planned armed uprising
42. the reasons for the success of the Wuchang Uprising What?
A: From the objective side :
First, the rapid development of the national revolutionary situation, the revolutionary timing of full maturity, for the success of the Wuchang Uprising resulted in a good environment and a favorable situation. Second, Wuhan region is the contention of the key areas of imperialism. where ethnic conflicts very sharp. feudalism and abnormal masses sharp class contradictions. Wuchang Uprising succeeded in creating a solid mass foundation. Third, the national bourgeoisie of political power here is also more powerful.
from the subjective side:
First, Hubei revolutionaries established science tutorial from the 1904 onwards, the long-term savings revolutionary forces engaged in work for the Wuchang Uprising laid a solid basis for the revolution. Second, Hubei revolutionaries made in the battle before the victory of the uprising , has done well in all the planning. revolutionaries fruitful work in the subjective aspect, is the main reason for the success of the Wuchang Uprising.
43. Overview of the establishment of the Republic of China Nanjing Provisional Government.
A: 11, 1911 months, the mid-to Hubei political groups, led by Li Yuan-hung and the process de Chuan political group led by Jiangsu and Zhejiang, respectively, almost the same time power to the provinces, called on all localities to send representatives to the formation of central Shanghai in Wuchang, and the interim government. at the same time the Empire doctrine of the Yuan to support playing the abroad back to Shanghai. His return was warmly welcomed not only by the people, big long revolutionary ambition, but also by a meeting in Nanjing to build the central representatives of the interim government attaches great importance to the provinces, thus breaking a long debate by candidates deadlock. Sun Moments, a provincial representative of the appropriate candidates for the Provisional President of .1912 on January 1, Sun Yat-sen was sworn in as provisional president, the interim government declared the establishment of the Republic of China in Nanjing.
44. Why is the Republic of China Nanjing Provisional government is a bourgeois revolution in the nature of the Democratic Republic of the government?
A: The Nanjing Provisional Government of the Republic is a bourgeois-democratic nature of the revolutionary government.
three reasons:
first class property from the point of view, positions in the regime's real power rests in the main led by Sun Yat-sen the hands of the bourgeois democratic revolution.
second, from the practical point of view policy, the regime sought to develop and implement the Three Principles of the implementation of a series of focus on behalf of the bourgeois revolution interests of the principles, policies, laws. formulated and promulgated a constitution of the Republic with the bourgeois-democratic nature of the Chapter fifty-six. it according to the Western bourgeois democratic republic and the country's legislative, executive and judicial separation of powers principle that a bourgeois democratic republic of the state system, political organization and the people enjoy the content of bourgeois democratic rights . It reflects a fundamental focus on requirements of bourgeois democracy and bourgeois Provisional Government of the Democratic Republic of the nature of the historical conditions at the time, with a distinctive revolutionary, democratic and progressive.
third, from Formally, this government organization, it has a President, Vice President, State Senate, a set of workers and temporary organization and leadership of the Democratic Republic of the bourgeois institutions and the political system.
short, from content to form, were indicative of the Nanjing Provisional government is a bourgeois-democratic nature of the Revolutionary Government of the Republic.
Nanjing Provisional Government resolutely anti-imperialist and a lack of thoroughness. in some ways does not really implement the Three Principles of the Programme, the performance of the national bourgeoisie on the imperialism and feudalism compromise.
First, it is not firmly against imperialism and feudalism, not completely. it, responsible for , action. again and again to accommodate, to turn undermine the revolution and the constitutionalists supported Yuan Shikai, the Nanjing Provisional Government also talk about unity, do not speak the struggle, and even mixed with the revolutionary regime openly hostile elements in the sabotage activities, nor take effective repressive measures.
45. brief . formulated and promulgated the Constitution of the Republic with the bourgeois-democratic nature of the Western bourgeois democratic republic and the country's legislative, executive and judicial separation of powers principle that a bourgeois democratic republic of the state system, political organization and the people enjoy the content of bourgeois democratic rights. It reflects a fundamental focus on Bourgeois democracy demands and the Democratic Republic of the bourgeois Provisional Government the nature of the historical conditions at that time, have a distinct revolutionary, democratic and progressive.
46. Revolution's failure, lessons learned and historical What is the significance?
A: The Failure of Revolution is:
(a) of the subjective reasons. This is the Chinese national bourgeoisie to lead the revolution, due to weak economic foundation, and with imperialism, feudalism, there is inextricably linked, the decision of its weak revolutionary forces, politically of imperialism, feudalism has not overcome the weakness and compromise. This is embodied in:
first, the bourgeois revolution democracy has not put forward a clear and thorough program of opposing imperialism and feudalism.
Second, the revolutionaries will mainly depend on the party and the New Army.
Third, the establishment and the revolutionaries did not fully grasp a organized revolutionary army, it is difficult to maintain the revolutionary regime has been established and further capture the national government.
Fourth, the revolutionaries do not have a unified and strong central role in leading the revolutionary party.
Fifth, the revolutionary party people do not correct the united front strategy, they only pay attention to the constitutionalists joint, pay no attention to the necessary struggle.
(b) of the objective aspect of the original country.
mainly counter-revolutionary imperialism and feudalism too strong.
First, the imperialists over the years has been to turn China into their semi-colonial, complete control of China's economic, political, military and cultural fields, to stifle the revolution in China, the formation of a powerful reactionary forces.
Second, the domestic order Yuan reactionary forces led by the feudal comprador too.
In short, while the revolutionary forces are too weak, on the one hand the power of the enemy is too strong, so the final defeat of the Revolution.
Experience Revolution the main lesson is:
First, the history of that Revolution, imperialism and feudalism is the sworn enemy of the Chinese democratic revolution, to overcome them and achieve the victory of democratic revolution, must have a strong and unified leadership of the central role of energy Revolutionary Party, must have a clear program of radical democracy against imperialism and feudalism, we must rely on and mobilize the vast number of people, there must be a strong well-trained armed revolution, we must establish a well-established principles and flexibility of a wide range of the revolutionary united front.
Second, the practice of that Revolution, the Chinese national bourgeoisie because of weakness and compromise, not victory in leading the Chinese people's national democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism to complete the task , to obtain the victory of democratic revolution, should have a new revolutionary leadership class, the proletariat and its vanguard.
Third, the failure of Revolution also shows that, in the semi-feudal China, the Democratic Republic towards the establishment of bourgeois program has not work. Chinese people ask for National Independence and the country's prosperity, we must also seek new solutions and new revolutionary political theory, in particular, to seek the most advanced scientific revolution guidelines.
Revolution's great historical significance:
Revolution in modern history has a more comprehensive sense of a bourgeois democratic revolution. It failed, but its great historical significance and achievements are indelible.
First, it overturned the reactionary rule of the Qing dynasty, and the end of two thousand years of Chinese feudal autocratic monarchy, the flag of the Democratic Republic erected.
Second, it dealt a heavy blow to the rule of imperialism in China.
Third, it liberated the productive forces, promote development of national capitalism in China.
Fourth, it frees up people's thinking, and promote the spirit of the democratic revolution and further rising, the cause of the Chinese people's democratic revolution, opened the way forward , spread democracy and freedom of thought.
Fifth, it promotes the democratic revolutionary movement in Asia.
47. to the specific facts that the main features of the reactionary rule of Yuan Shikai What?
A: Yuan from 1912 March to June 1916 was between 4 years of reactionary rule. him reactionary rule of the total features are: internal and adhere to the military dictatorship and brutal oppression and exploitation of the people; external refuge imperialism and imperialist aggression against China as tools wantonly treacherous.
first, deliberately concentrated military power in the hands of individuals, and laid the foundation of military dictatorship.
second cut to the responsibility of the Cabinet, the establishment of their fight in the Queen's personal cabinet.
third large facilities and political tricks, manufacturing support his national unification.
fourth Queen's political organization, control of the party struggle.
Fifth, openly directed his gang to assassinate Jiaoren, a reign of terror.
sixth wantonly engaged in loan traitor, in exchange for the support of imperialism.
traitorous dictator Yuan Shikai, the assassination of Jiaoren, removal of the three captaincy inspired by the KMT as the representative of the revolutionary Sun Yat-sen at Taoyuan's .
1915 年 1 month, Yuan and Japan signed a turn China into a Japanese colony in the What?
A: Duan reactionary rule of the majority of the people were still heavy on the political oppression and cruel economic plunder. In politics, he announced during the reign of Yuan Shikai, the Act restricted the press continue to be effective, the people of the speech published freedom is severely suppressed. Economically, Duan government increased the land tax, taxes, issuance of domestic debt, and even warning sings of land tax, extortion, doing their utmost.
Duan warlord government in terms of selling out the country, greatly exceeded the Yuan. Duan order to seek refuge with the Japanese imperialists, by large foreign loans, selling a large number of national sovereignty, the control of Japanese imperialism in China as a powerful tool.
49. to Sun Yat-sen as the representative of the bourgeois democratic revolution which were held against the Yuan, Duan struggle? the main results of these struggles that what?
A: Yuan dictatorship traitor, kill Jiaoren, removal of the Kuomintang three military governor, aroused by the revolutionary Sun Yat-sen as the representative sent at Taoyuan's second revolution , and promptly meet the challenge. Duan destroy still offered no political program against imperialism and feudalism completely, at this time only the mention of the law enforcement is not really local warlords. , nature, history, achievements and deficiencies in the main what?
A: New Culture Movement, Revolution in the cultural field is a continuation of the bourgeois culture of the old feudal culture and a fierce struggle. by its nature, it still belongs to the bourgeois democratic revolution led by the old areas of the cultural revolution movement.
(1) the formation of the intellectual emancipation of a new trend has played a huge role in enlightenment, the ideological inspiration of the spreading in China has created favorable conditions, so it has great historical achievements. At the same time, it ignored the people's flaws exist, only limited circle of intellectuals and have serious formalism, and national nihilism bias.
51 . zhao brief in the , published translated into Chinese of the Fifth volume compiled The Principles of. This was the first to systematically introduce and promote the Marxist article. Although this time the introduction of Marxism Dazhao propaganda, not incomplete, inaccurate, and even some of the errors, but his great achievements and the historical role is indelible.
(4) Marxism in China's initial communication, so that the become a widely publicized campaign of Marxist thought. the spread of Marxism, the arrival of the new democratic revolution provides a new ideological weapon.
1919   5   4   great outbreak of the became a turning point in the history of the Chinese democratic revolution. It marked the bourgeois democratic revolution led by the end of the old leadership of the proletariat and the start of the new democratic revolution.