The deficiency of research is mainly the lack of researchers to understand the meaning of suicide, and the lack of regional differences in suicide explanation. Suicide study the theory of psychology or psychiatry traditional neglect of social factors for suicide, the suicide as a highly homogeneous society to deal with the reality of the phenomenon can not be completed to understand the regional differences in suicide missions. Empirical sociology of suicide insurmountable as the traditional individual suicide and suicide rates as a whole the gap between research methods rely too heavily on statistics make it easy to fall into the Starting from the humanistic tradition of sociology, suicide missions as the unit of analysis will be to construct the ideal type of suicide operations, and to understand the social significance of suicide operations, and then to understand the regional differences in suicide would be able to make up for the lack of current research and open up new Suicide research space.
Key words: suicide research, formulation difficulties, theoretical view, route conversion
This article attempts to answer the following questions: the current limitations of the study of suicide in China What? This limitation on how the existing research on suicide to get to understand the academic context? To go beyond the limitations of current research on suicide, we can choose what kind of approach?
a suicide expressed the plight of Research
death registration system under the Ministry of Health on 1995-1999 mortality data projections in recent years, Phillips (Phillips), Mr. disclosure China's mortality rate of suicide should be 23/10 million, each year the number of suicide deaths and 28.7 million [1], 4-5. In accordance with general international standards, suicide rates than 20/10 million is a high suicide rate in the country to country, therefore, the data disclosed Phillips has attracted wide attention. Despite some well-known then the study of Chinese scholars suicide questioned on this data [2], but this can not change the suicide death of our population is still an important factor, of course, can not change our position on this issue the significance of the concern.
Moreover, comparison of suicide in China there is a consensus that scholars believe that China is very different from the suicide phenomenon has the characteristics of suicide in western society. Such as China's suicide rate was significantly higher than in rural areas, cities, the suicide rate among young people than in the elderly, female suicide rate was significantly higher than males [3]. Specifically, the city's rural suicide rate is 3 times, women 25% higher suicide rate than men, and women in rural areas 66% higher suicide rate than men [4]. Some scholars have also adopted the 43 countries of the world of suicide mortality data showed that rural women the highest suicide rates in the world [5]. On the contrary, in general, Western society is higher than the suicide rate in urban areas, the suicide rate in rural areas, male suicide rates than female suicide rates. Even belong to the East community, our neighbors, characteristics of suicide in Japan and China are also significant differences to the gender of suicide, for example, the proportion of long-term Japanese men commit suicide than women, such as Japan who committed suicide in 2002, the proportion of males that Up to 72% [6]. Therefore, some scholars have raised domestic, for the study of suicide in rural areas should be our local perspective [7-11].
more interesting is that not only the phenomenon of suicide in Western society that has a very big difference, that is, within China, different regions, the difference between suicide, too. From a broad regional perspective, rural areas in northern, central and southern rural suicides in rural areas have their own characteristics. As a result of intergenerational relationships in rural south conflict led to the anger-based suicide more rural central and northern rural areas is relatively small; central Jianghan Plain filial children caused by type of despair and loneliness are more types of suicide, followed by the North, the South than less; Northern relatively small rural elderly suicide [12]. However, most studies that domestic scholars have ignored the phenomenon of suicide.
Mr. Wu Fei from the Live and the man he believes is the core of family life, suicide is the family life of the grievances of the opposition, but also the publicity value of personality, the core of the pursuit of a justice within the family, and the reason for the pursuit of justice within the family, Mr. Wu Fei appears to be in because the family is a close political relationship as a starting point, while still a close political relationship between the end of the family [13-14]. Mr. Wu Fei's pioneering research in the country, largely to promote the domestic tradition in sociology for Suicide Research and Development. Moreover, the discussion has always been the core of China's family commenced, can be said to grasp the main characteristics of suicide in rural China.
However, Mr. Wu Fei's conclusions may have had only partial correctness. I believe that this may have three reasons. One is, he will suicide in rural China all point in a space compression - North County, a place called Meng corner. Thus, in fact, they discuss the phenomenon of suicide in rural north China have distinct characteristics, but may not be representative of rural areas such as Central, South and other parts of rural suicide. Secondly, he will suicide in rural China at a time all the compression point - that he will write the specific physical time. Similarly, since the reform and opening up, China has been a rapid change in rural society in the process, in which changes in family structure in rural areas, especially intense. Thus, nearly 30 years, suicide in different periods, the greater logic behind the difference. Third, from the research methods, its not clearly explained. It appears that Mr. Wu Fei is still the main follow the tradition of Durkheim's sociological approach. However, Durkheim's approach is based on the suicide rate for the study of, which to some extent, must be required to have a certain amount of suicide samples. Obviously, a number of villages in Bangladesh Zou County can not achieve this requirement. On the other hand, Mr. Wu Fei reasons for suicide in the discussion, it will live it as a process in the pursuit of justice within the family, so, like his title says, Rumakesi down on another. Weber humanist tradition initiated by the sociological approach too. As a result, Mr. Wu Fei's always in a field of facts and abstract concepts in the fuzzy zone between the two.
In fact, suicide can not be generated from the specific time and space. So when we come to consider the concept of space into time, we will find When we came in the time perspective into consideration, we will find that family politics may not be in each period are based on intimate relationships as a starting point and end point. In these two points, some scholars Jingshan central region of rural suicide is just not provided with the same evidence to the contrary in rural North China. Professor He Xuefeng and Yang Hua, the rural folk religion from the state Jingshan, farmers and other point of view the concept of death, describes an area not imagine the world after the death of the elderly case of the high suicide rate [15] [8] 116. Chen Baifeng major changes from the perspective of intergenerational family structure reveals more and more elderly in the weak position of showing their high suicide rate has led to the emergence of [9] 166-169. Liu Yan dance that since 1980, missing 1949 with the previous dominant position in the family, the elderly, plus because of the disintegration of the collective system, the intrusion of market logic, making survival difficult in the face when they lack any support to onto the road of suicide [10] 147. Their research in a space different from the interpretation of the countryside north of the suicides of despair and anger, revealing a completely different from the suicide of farmers in rural North logic. Less, they pay more attention to the causes of farmers suicide, that is why the focus on interpretation of the farmers committing suicide, and for farmers to commit suicide for what they paid little attention. Similarly, although regional differences in their perspective of trying to explore why different regions have different logic of suicide, but this regional difference is primarily a a reference. If they did not study in a specific depth in the more rural areas is explained why the North, as is the case in rural areas in central, southern and rural areas that is not the case. Therefore, specific to the study, still is a space for the elaborate objects, and will compare the space hidden in the concept, only the reference level for the concept, it did not able to show it.
specific time and space whether it is from or just the specific time and space coordinates do not understand the regional differences worth mentioning suicide, leading to the plight of these studies is to study the underlying causes of the specific approach chosen suicide not appropriate. The existing research on suicide under the care of the traditional theory, while the domestic suicide of actually copying the traditional limitations of these theories. Therefore, to further reveal the problem and to show us from the possibility of future research on suicide approach, we have a need to go back and discuss the theory of suicide research and the limitations of tradition and experience to analyze the phenomenon of suicide in China to meet degree and the existence of the traditional theory of the conditions required for research studies with our existing tension between the conditions.
Second, the study of suicide theory of psychology or psychiatry and Limitations of Traditional
strictly speaking, not before the birth of sociology, research on the phenomenon of suicide from psychological or expanded perspective of psychiatry.
psychology or psychiatry, and research on the theory of suicide can be traced back to the giant of psychology Sigmund. Sigmund Freud (Sigmund Freud) there. In Freud's view, in addition to a dynamic mechanism for survival, the person also has to die of the dynamic mechanism, namely the death instinct [16]. Freud later, people continue to promote and develop its theory on the death instinct. Karl. The door Nagel (Karl Menninger) believe that suicide is caused by the triad of spiritual power, that person has a The Austrian psychiatrist Alfred. Adler (Alfred Adler) also believe that suicide is a sense of life and death to overcome the sense of the way, is for others to blame and revenge method [18].
in Durkheim's sociological study to commence before the suicide, the spirit of the famous French physician Ace Quero (Esquirol) that suicide is always linked with some kind of insanity, for insanity is , the performance of all its characteristics of suicide, suicide can be seen as one of the symptoms [19] 154. Durkheim pioneered in the study of the sociological tradition of suicide, the suicide of two theoretical traditions have existed. Psychology or psychiatry has been dominated since suicide is still the mainstream interpretation. Well-known American psychiatrist Edwin. Schneider De Man (Edwin Shneidman) pointed out that suicide is often the logic of a syllogism wrong, they think: suicide will be given attention; if my suicide, and then I will get attention; so I committed suicide. The logic of this syllogism suicide mistake is that they will present After I Schneider Feldman later proposed Schneider Friedman's research on the science of modern suicide has a remarkable contribution to promoting, but also established his study of suicide in the United States position in the field.
psychology or psychiatry into the way of the position with Anthony Giddens's words, summed up the following four propositions: Mental Diseases of suicide is always some product of the situation; therefore, the reasons for suicide must be insanity in the type of search; these reasons are biological rather than social in nature; sociological analysis of suicide even contribute to it, is negligible [19] 154.
and in my opinion, the theory of psychology or psychiatry tradition, its biggest drawback is the neglect of social factors, will support the existing social suicide as a highly homogeneous entity, and therefore , constructed on the theory of suicide as if to explain all social phenomena of all suicides. In fact, the Present Situation of our study have already been discussed, suicide and domestic Chinese and Western differences are significant regional differences, how to understand the logic behind the difference in production, is clearly the theory of psychology or psychiatry tradition can not be solved.
national suicide research, to the traditional theory of psychology or psychiatry into the road, basically copy the Western research results may have suspected, in essence, this theory is not out of the limitations of tradition itself. Thus, the study approach is often the conclusions are strikingly similar, such as suicide individuals with anxiety, suspicion, depression, personality disorders, such as detached from reality like the lead character has committed suicide because of physical or mental illness [22 ]. Or that increases with age, a variety of physical and social function resulting in progressive loss of which led to suicide suited [23] [24]. These research findings can be explained almost suicide of the However, the fact that we already know that suicide is not only a great gender differences, age differences, differences between urban and rural areas, but also with large regional differences in the interpretation of these differences, the traditional theory of psychology or psychiatry is practically impossible to do or act as a
three suicide empirical research and the limitations of traditional sociological theory
psychiatry and psychology, or correspond to, that is, began in earnest in Durkheim's sociological theory of tradition. Durkheim, the suicide rate as the unit of analysis, the study and psychology of suicide by a sharp boundary, and tried to argue, on the interpretation of suicide, psychology, only in a subordinate position, and sociology is the dominant The. In general, people believe that Durkheim's sociology to create a tradition of suicide research is mainly to demonstrate the sociological method of Marxist certificate in fact, not to deliberate on their own expressed interest in suicide. And it was felt that the debate of Durkheim focused on the object of their previous Todd (Tarde) and so restore the school of thought, the more special to see, he is in order for our Ace Quero mentioned earlier that the suicide rate, etc. directly based on the distribution of mental disorder and to explain the representative [19] 154-155.
from Durkheim's perspective to create a suicide from a sociological tradition, the follow-up to cut into the many sociological studies on suicide are basically in advance on the basis of Durkheim, but Di Erkai Mu's approach is not very perfect, and psychological or psychiatric studies of suicide, like this totally and completely ignore the individual perspective of the overall problem, but also difficult to overcome its shortcomings. Therefore, we then sort out the details of the research on suicide Durkheim, and point out the deficiencies, which show us gradually from the time of suicide may be different from Durkheim but also different from the psychology or psychiatry the approach.
to commit suicide Durkheim defined as attempted action is in this sense, but in the cause of death was stopped before [25] 11. to complete, and that such actions will have consequences. Durkheim clearly wanted to avoid the slide into his criticism of psychology and psychiatry into the road. Therefore, the definition of suicide, he only stressed the reason for the neglect of the purpose or intent. Because, in his view, one can not know what factors make the deceased to make the decision to commit suicide, even if such a decision, for the researcher or observer, can not understand the intent or purpose behind the decision in the end is anything. Durkheim that the intention is a very secretive thing, in addition to rough estimate, others can not accurately perceive or guess out. Indeed, in his view, suicides do not know its purpose or intent to commit suicide to make what. He further questioned the purpose or motive to explain with reasons for the action, he believes that many of the same actions do not change the nature of the case, you can achieve very different purposes [25] 10.
However, in my opinion, the definition of Durkheim on suicide is still blurred. If according to this definition, we can give an example to test, for example, a couple usually very loving, work in the fields one day when suddenly the couple is trivial quarrel, the husband when his wife shouted, his wife said, there bottle of pesticide, so much skill you roar me, you Ganhe it? Husband to be outdone, apart from anything else, put the pesticide pick up a drink. If the definition according to Durkheim, this example is certainly committed suicide, but this is clearly not the whole approach to explain the doctrine, which we discuss later its time on the type of suicide, the more this can not meet the definition of suicide Durkheim classified. Of course, Durkheim might also aware of the problem, otherwise, he could not resolve this dilemma. Therefore, he did not commit suicide itself as the unit of analysis, but chose the overall suicide rate of such an objective social fact. He believes that the suicide rate is not isolated, one by one simple integration suicide, but a specific event in the formation of a new aggregate of the whole, is a new, special, with a unity of social facts , its particularity is its social nature [25] 14. Establish a good unit of analysis, he began to look for different forms of exclusion in the suicide rate of social causes. Who, with his critical thinking and logical reasoning, such as psycho excluded (such as mania, depression, compulsion, impulse, or involuntary, imitation, etc.), biological factors (such as race, genetic) and natural factors (such as climate, temperature, etc.) . Should be excluded from these non-social factors that are not too difficult, at least before Durkheim many researchers have focused on these issues, such as Todd and Esther Quero them. Therefore, Durkheim recognized as long as the previously pulled out of some non-social factors can be discussed one by one.
but how to determine what social factors affect suicide rates? This time, Durkheim individualism into the road from the definition and suicide into the road from holism to study the plight of the suicide rate is very obvious highlights out. Because, from experience to determine if the suicide type, it will inevitably be faced with how to define the problem of individual suicides, according to Durkheim's definition, he could not rule out some of his study of suicide can not, such as our above cited that example. In addition, he also lacks experience in material to support his study of suicide, apart from some statistics are not complete more than a single case of suicide. So, he admits, correct description [25] 136. After the demonstration, and then come back to determine the type of suicide. In his view, this is only to reverse the order only, therefore, he believes that similarities and differences of these conditions is divided into different categories [25] 137. but not by him as a problem between the two studies can not be overcome. In other words, individual and overall not a good pass in there about due to Durkheim. Of course, the limitations of the material itself is also very important. If Durkheim is not just a bunch of available statistical data, but also has a large number of suicide cases of the rich, perhaps the situation will be different.
is the paradox, making it about the classification of suicide is still left with more questions. Durkheim's main choice of two important variables - social integration and social norms to examine the type of suicide,UGG shoes, whereby he will be divided into four types of suicide. The following Table 1.
Table 1: Four types of suicide [26]
low self-interest model of social integration
Gregory suicide suicide
his type of social norms-based low anomie suicide
high destiny of suicide Durkheim type in morbid social performance. For discussion of altruistic type of suicide is not too much compared to the previous two, because, in Durkheim's view, this type of suicide mainly in the lower social groups because these low-level individual to obey the basic principles of society, and thus , altruistic type of suicide can be said that lower social groups as a means of discipline indispensable [25] 398. While the fate of type of suicide is only mentioned in a footnote, did not elaborate. Further, we find Durkheim just as only the first three types of basic types of suicide. Why is this so? I think this one is for a reason. Further discussion of suicide Durkheim mixed type [25] 318, we can type and basic types of these mixed together to examine why, in Table 2.
Table 2: The basic types of suicide and mixed type [27]
social norms and social integration
Low Medium High Low A, self-serving type, anomie type B, anomie-type C, anomie-and altruistic type
in D, self-serving type E, moderate F, altruistic type
high G, self-serving type and destiny-type H, fatalistic type I, altruism-and fate-type
from Table 2, we can see, Durkheim in fact only concerned with the form of B, D and F categories, in particular, other types of hybrid almost no expansion of .
Why is this situation? This requires talking back to our earlier discussion of research into the way up. In my opinion, not Durkheim did not want to focus on other types of suicide, but he can not explain. If you want other types of suicide, especially mixed into account, then, is bound to experience the material involved,UGGs, but at the time of Durkheim can not meet this condition. More importantly, as long as the rest of his analysis of those types, as the experience to pay attention to the specific material, then committed suicide in the analysis of specific cases, it is bound to run into him and attack the trap of individualism approach. In this way, and their oath from the perspective of the whole doctrine of suicide as the unit of analysis will be paradox. The suicide rate in the material support of his research is the statistical material, so that he actually will be individual and overall excessive, statistics and experience against each other, though may seem very scientific, is evidence, however, there is no doubt that suicide research falling into the statistical significance of the suspected suicide. Studies of suicide and we must pay attention to the life of suicide, especially when we are not to be like, like Durkheim, in order to demonstrate the feasibility of its sociological and scientific methodology, but to commit suicide themselves as part of our academic care, we care for is to live life in the body.
this,bailey UGG boots, completely from Durkheim pioneered the sociological study of suicide is traditionally advance, surely he would have met and encountered insurmountable difficulties. We mentioned earlier the domestic from Durkheim's positivist approach of the research results of suicide there this problem. Some researchers such as Chen Baifeng average annual suicide rate in the estimation of the problem on the whole to start with the description reveals, but the interpretation of these suicide rate can not be launched from an overall level, but taken from the road into the individualism select specific case to demonstrate the experience [9] 168-169. Although this study shows us the overall suicide rate and the suicide of a fresh experience of the individual, however, how the incommensurability between the two is still not resolved. Its essence is still the research into the way Durkheim inherent difficulties and tensions in the country embodiment of suicide research. Therefore, to overcome this limitation, we have need to find a new way.
four suicide Humanistic Sociology of Transformation and Transcendence
suicide Durkheim pioneered the study of sociology tradition, there is no doubt a shining example of suicide research, sociological positivism to demonstrate methods for Durkheim basically completed his mission. However, specific to the research, the research on suicide, The Limits of Durkheim has been modified by later ones, or criticism. This includes Durkheim's protege Morris. Shihab Wah (Maurice Halbwachs), he remarked that Henry (AFHenry) and Schott (JFShort) from the Jack. Gibbs (Jack.P.Gibbs) and Walter. Martin (Walter Martin) Social Mobility and Class from the perspective of further integration of the suicide [30]. Studies of these people develop and promote the path pioneered by Durkheim. However, it is precisely because the research approach itself, the existence of limitations, making the overall suicide rate and the level of discussion of suicide in real life there is always an unbridgeable gap. As a result, the research will total about suicide and suicide really is a certain degree of diaphragm.
Later, people continue to reflect on the appropriateness of this approach, not only concerned about the possibility of suicide as the only study on suicide, but also concerned about how to understand and promote research on suicide itself. As a result, some Western scholars have begun to Max. Weber humanism initiated by another path of the sociological tradition of thinking the problem. The most famous researchers in this area is Jack. Douglas (Jack.D.Douglas), he pointed out that researchers must pay attention to each specific suicide operations, and its context to make interpretative understanding, therefore, their onrush man to study the suicide rate as the only object, not as related by suicide to begin a depth interviews and the collection of some of the suicide operations with suicide related material, and thus to understand the social significance of suicide suicide (social meanings) What in the end [31].
Douglas of approach to our research the problem of suicide in rural China a great inspiration. It can be said of our current national suicide if Durkheim doctrine, the doctrine and then into the road from Weber to make development and extension, they would be showing a new sense of space and more feasible.
sense, in my opinion, the conditions of our study and Durkheim qualifications at the time just the opposite. First of all, at this stage, we still lack a larger sample size statistical data on suicide, suicide rates even though some of the existing figures are also a few of the monitoring points according to official statistics to approximate estimation. Second, the reasons known to all, a very long period of time, suicide is a closely guarded secret in our topic, even in this period of time, people generally think our society should not exist and therefore the phenomenon of suicide [32], we are more can not get it within a longer historical period the suicide rate figures, even as estimates obtained through this stage can not. Based on these two reasons, to say that Durkheim all what we currently do not and has not owned. Third, under current conditions, we can do that is through solid field research, from the village one by one to get the last 30 years or even longer section of all suicide cases. In this sense, Durkheim does not have some of what we currently can, through research into the way the conversion,UGG boots cheap, will become Durkheim does not have to be our all.
It is with this situation and practical considerations, we can determine the way from research into the break from tradition of Durkheim's positivism in favor of the humanistic tradition from Weber to interpret and understand China's rural suicide phenomenon. This approach is more pertinent to the present transition of the Institute with the actual conditions of suicide, Durkheim also help to overcome the inherent tension of the approach roads. If we say, how to do from home to study the reality of local suicide problem, I believe that this research approach can explain the transformation of their local nature, and not have to go digging in the concept from the local community to have characteristics of the local study (of course, this in itself is also very necessary, but not an either-or relationship). Research into the way the conversion, making the understanding we need to re-commit suicide. The most important thing is, we need to commit suicide as a That is we have to Thus, we are not going to study with other social facts to explain the suicide (rate) of the social facts, but to make use of the ideal type of approach to the interpretative understanding of the social action of suicide.
focus of our understanding of suicide operations is its social significance, that is what the suicide to suicide. By understanding its social significance, then we'll discuss why different areas of the social significance of suicide operations will be different. We can also further the understanding of the broader aspects of the mechanism of their differences, and thus achieve the ultimate objective of understanding regional differences. Only by understanding the regional differences in suicide mechanism of action, we targeted only possible suicide crisis intervention. The current domestic suicide can not be achieved or completed the study in this, their plight is that they are created using Durkheim's approach, but not with the actual research conditions, the required Durkheim doctrine, such as details on the suicide rate and accurate statistical data of official or non-loss and can not have, or are still used in traditional psychology, suicide operations will support the occurrence of high society as a homogeneous whole. Therefore, do not change the current research into the road, will not be able to overcome and transcend the shackles of the current suicide research.
V. Conclusion
disclosure of data from existing point of view, China is a high suicide rate country. The objective reality of social scientists need to face up to and care for China's suicide problem, from which to explore the causes of suicide, meaning, and how to start on the suicide crisis intervention. Domestic Research on suicide concern focused on the causes of suicide, the lack of researchers is mainly a lack of understanding of the meaning of suicide, that is what the lack of suicide and suicide for the purpose of understanding motivation, in addition, the researchers also a lack of Suicide in the interpretation of regional differences, they could not explain the why the same phenomenon of suicide in rural southern China, central and northern rural countryside, or even more of other types of rural areas can be broken down will be showing such a huge difference. The lack of research we need to go back and view the existing research on suicide theory tradition, the limitations of the current focus of national suicide is essentially a copy of the result of both the limitations of traditional theory. Suicide study the theory of psychology or psychiatry study of suicide in the tradition of the mainstream paradigm, however, the neglect of social factors for suicide, the suicide as a highly homogeneous society to deal with the reality of the phenomenon can not be completed to understand the regional differences in suicide mission. Empirical sociology of suicide research tradition in psychology or psychiatry sociology opened up outside the paradigm example of this paradigm constitutes a huge impact on the psychological paradigm, however, it can not go beyond the suicide as individuals and as a whole the gap between the suicide rate, and rely too heavily on this tradition of research in statistics make it easy to fall into the And the current reality of the domestic conditions for suicide research has in fact not enough to sustain this approach in a study under.
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